Psychological Perspectives Essay

Behaviourist approach-we suffer understand any type of conduct perspective by looking at what the person has learnt, including personality, confidence, optimism or pessimism. Classical conditioning and Pavlovs dogs. Pavlov was functional with dogs to investigate their digestive system Pavlov prone a tube to the dogs m step to the foreh was the sliver comes from. This was then attached to a monitor in whom the monitor would monitor how much sliver was used during salivation. Salivation was a automatic response that is unconditioned (not learnt). Food leads to this almost automatically (unconditioned stimulus).Pavlov decided he wanted to find out how much the dog salivated when associated with different noises originally giving him food. Pavlov put up a wooden skirt so the dog could not read the food, he then rang a bell the dog began to salivate. oer the day the dog then began to associate the bell with the food a salivated as soon as he heard the bell. It had learnt the conditi oned response of salivation to the conditioned stimulus of the bell. Operant conditioning and skinners rats. This was to discover the bring out principles of new learning deportments.The rat was prototypical places in the box with a lever which when pressed it released a food pellet in to the box. At first when the rat got in to the box it sniffed around and at some point it pressed the lever, discovering that the pellet was dropped. The rat then repeated this performance and learned that urgent the lever is automatically followed by the pellet being dropped. ( the consequence) The pellet is affectn as reinforcing, this means something that the rat would analogous to have more of. There ar two types of enforcement forbid and positive reinforcement.Skinner then investigated negative reinforcement by running a low electrical up-to-the-minute on the floor of the box, the current would be de-activated when the lever was pressed. The behaviour of pressing the leaver was then neg atively in reinforcing. For spokesperson serviceman used pain killers as a negative reinforcement because if you use them the pain then tends to go a modality. Social learning approach Social learning is what affects a person because of a certain individualist or a group of people. This could lead to negative behaviour which could be smoking, drinking and drugs.These could be influenced by friends, parents or a guardian and also from the environs they live in. Albert Bandura proved this because he observed this by doing the bobo gentlewoman experiment which was children watching a adult kick, punch and sit on the doll. The children then were allowed to go in a play with the doll and they did what they had observed. But also in the room there was new(prenominal) items that they could play with so they could chose to be aggressive or not entirely they chose to play with the doll, when they were playing with the doll some got guns involved and pretended to shoot it, which the ad ult never did.The children also used aggressive lecture towards the doll, this showed that because they had observed the adult being aggressive towards the dolls the children copied. Bandura also believed that behaviour can be learnt from the following principles empiric learning, this is watching someone else perform a behaviour such as smoking, drinking, wearing a wheel around helmet, they can be learnt but does not have to be reproduced unless the person is motivated to perform the behaviour. A role model which is an individual that inspires others as they could be prestigious, attractive, have a highschool status and they whitethorn copy their behaviour.Modelling which is the process of basing behaviour for example dressing the same as someone who they whitethorn admire. Availability the behaviour to be learnt must be available this could be performed somewhere for the individual to see this could be on TV, the computer, games, there peers and family members. Attention the behaviour must be noticed or we allow for not be able to learn it, if someone is feeling unwell they may not recompense attention which could be a problem because you will not remember the procedure.Retention is behaviour that must be detained which is that the person must be concerned enough and old enough to retain the information in their memory. Reproduction the individual must be capable of performing the behaviour. Motivation behaviour will be learnt and then performed. Humanistic approach Maslow was a psychologist that believed we were all seeking to sire the crush that we possibly can be physically, spiritually, emotionally and intellectually, he called this self-actualisation.He also made the theory cognise as hierarchy of affects this explains that every human requires certain basic needs to be met before they are able to move on to the next stage. He also believed that all our energies will be counselinged on the stage that we are at, until the basic needs are m et we will not focus on our emotional needs and to feel self-esteem which is how valuable we may feel, for someone who has a high self-esteem they will believe that that they are loved and are loveable and also that they feel meaning(a) and valued.For someone who has a low self-esteem they could feel worthless and that they have no value to anyone and may feel unloved and that they are not unlovable. Self-concept is developed at an early age and it is the way we see ourselves, for example if someone was a child got told they were silly they are more likely to be that way were if a child is praised they will be behave and will have a positive self-concept. Rogers was interested in concept of self, it is the way we discover ourselves which includes physical and biological attributes like being male or female, short or tall.He believed that we also hold a concept of our self which represents as view of how we should be and as we would like to be, when there is incongruence between ou r self and our desirel self we can become unhappy and troubled. (betec level 3 health and social care book 1) Biological approach The maturational theory is that a child would be born with a set of genetics which are passed raven through their parents, which are cognitive, physical, and other developmental processes which unfold over time.It is a theory that states that development is to constitution not nurture. Gesells theory was that he believed that the development happened the way it was suppose to, this was from developing in the uterus until birth. After birth he believed that this is when the childs genes started to develop them into the person that they were meant to be. He also believed that the environment supported them developing their skills, talents, personality and also their interests but what was the main thing that helped the child develop was the maturational process.The importance of genetic influences on behaviour is that genes affect someones behaviour in a numerous of ways. A dominant gene can cause disorders like Huntingtons disease which can be passed on through a parent. Other disorder could be cystic fibrosis which both parents need to carry the gene in order for their child to get it. Disorders can be passed down but are not genetically determined which can lead to the person developing the disorder for example breast cancer can be passed down if one of the family members carry the gene.Psychodynamic approach focuses on unconscious mind thought processes, the patient will explore the unresolved issues and the conflicts that they have had in in the past which are believed to affect them in their present life. The therapies focus on relieving and resolving the unconscious conflicts which are motivating their symptoms. Freud first developed the vital ideas which bring about the approach as a livelong particularly the idea that understanding behavior requires insight into the thoughts and feelings that motivate our actions.Freud a lso describes conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware. For example, you may be feeling hungry at this moment and decide to get something to eat. Eriksons theory differs in a number of important ways. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describe the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.