Impacts of Negative Leadership Essay

Leadership carries considerable influence and responsibility within any organization. Leaders are challenged daily with how to manage this influence effectively. Communication plays a key role in this approach and can have significant impacts to the leader and their staff. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impacts of negative leadership behavior regarding communication and effects on the team as well as the overall organization. Experience with Negative Leadership Behavior Over my career, there have been negative leadership behaviors experienced with both direct mangers and senior management. One of the most destructive is lack of communication. Recently, an executive manager was going to be out of the office for an entire week. This leader has four direct reports of which three are group leaders. The executive manager casually mentions to one of the direct reports that she will be out of the office the following week at a seminar. The direct report appropriately relays this information to their team supervisor to address any concerns or open issues in advance of this absence. The same communication was not made to the remaining three direct reports, in any form, by the executive manager. As the business week of the absence began, the other three direct reports incur an issue & require assistance from the executive manager. These managers were rendered unproductive and left wondering when the leader was going to be in the office so that they can discuss the problem at hand. During subsequent discussions, the team supervisor aware of the absence is the one to notify the other three direct reports that their direct manager was out for the week. The gap in communication impacted the teams noted but also other service partners and finally the client due to the delays in resolving the issue timely. It is also important to note that this is not an isolated incident but had happened previously having similar impacts to the same parties noted above. Analysis of Leadership Behavior The leadership behavior described in this experience appears straightforward at the surface but is far reaching in its impact to the firm. The leader showed consistent lack of personal integrity as well as respect and empathy for her staff by not relating her accessibility on a regular basis. It impacts the morale of the direct reports and deteriorates their working relationships & ability to collaborate. The leader did not inform all direct reports of her absence. Without a collective knowledge, a subset of the larger reporting team was less effective and efficient during this time. This also created a gap in escalation when issues arose. Lastly it weakens the culture of inclusion. By being excluded, part of the management staff experienced a decrease in satisfaction subsequently affecting their overall performance. Attrition is a by product as well of this negative behavior. Supporting Research of Negative Leadership Behavior â€Å"For it is character through which leadership is exercised, it is character that sets the example and is imitated in turn†¦. The more successfully tomorrow’s manager does his work, the greater will be the integrity required of him†¦. No matter what a man’s general education or his adult education for management, what will be decisive above all, in the future even more than in the past, is neither education nor skill; it is integrity of character† stated Drucker (1954) reiterating the important of reliability in leadership positions. Leading by example creates the ability for the team to tangibly see this character on a daily basis. Additional leadership duties like consideration and management of emotions are becoming more important in the leader-membership interaction per Meike, Jacobs & Soares (2012). As these duties increase so will the need for leaders to develop empathetic skills with regard to their staff. This will include appreciation, trust and open communication. Per Fuller and Green (2005), leaders are responsible for embedding strategy in the organization by developing an excellent team, picking the right roles and allowing the rest of the team to make the strategic moves. This requires teams that can function in unison with high level of collaboration. Lack of communication will cause a disjointed approach affecting the vision of the organization ultimately impacting the firm’s success. Hoffman, Bynum, Piccolo and Sutton (2011) noted that transformational leaders are able to articulate a vision that emphasizes the way in which collective goals are consonant with follower values, causing followers to regard organizational goals as their own and submit extra effort toward goals and accomplishments. This sets the groundwork for a culture of inclusion within an organization. When strong unified behavior, values and beliefs have been developed, a strong organizational cultures does emerge per Tsai (2011). Leaders have a primary role in growing and upholding the firm’s culture. It encourages performance and leads to long lasting job satisfaction. When this is not present, organizations will see increased conflict, reduced dialogue between managers and teams and a progressively dysfunctional environment. According to social identify theory, unfair treatment from supervisors may arouse a negative identification which in turn leads employees’ negative behaviors in organizations as outlined by Duan, Lam, Chen and Zhong (2010). This emphasizes the pattern of negative leadership behavior that has the ability to funnel throughout the entire organization is not addressed. Recommendation for Strengthening Leadership Behavior Leadership is a dynamic, ever changing role and requires the leader to be aware of her own behavior and the potential impacts of this behavior on the team. In this situation, the leader needs to understand the value of leading by example. For the team to utilize the leader for her depth of knowledge and broader perspective, a level of reliability needs to be established. From a time management standpoint, simple steps like sharing the leader’s calendar with direct reports could alleviate this issue on a go-forward. This type of planning and organization will benefit the leader as well as the staff’s perception of her abilities and character. Interpersonal skills like active listening, feedback and conflict resolution are critical as well for any leader. Being able to engage her direct reports and the larger staff in a meaningful way will allow for the team dynamic to shift to a positive state. These relationships can be developed through mentoring and engaging the direct reports in projects or other work the leader is responsible for providing insight to her managers of the next level and current challenges of the firm. This end to end view develops the direct reports as well as building a more full bodied relationship with the leader. The impact to the organization also needs a voice n acknowledging the effects of this negative behavior. The leader is accountable for the resulting impacts of any action they take while representing the firm. In this case, the lower performance and higher attrition are concrete costs to the organization. The leader needs to answer for the consequences ofher behavior to a higher power like senior management, stock holders or similar. Conclusion Negative leadership behavior comes in many forms and lack of communication is one of the most pervasive. This paper provides an example of this type of negative leadership and the effects to the staff and organization. It also provides an outline of productive steps to modify the leader’s behavior and limit the adverse impacts in the future. References Duan, J. , Lam, W. , Chen, Z. , & Zhong, J. A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(9), 1287-1296. doi: 10. 2224/sbp. 2010. 38. 9. 1287 Drucker, P. (1954). The practice of management. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Fuller, J. N. , Green, J. C. (2005). The leader’s role in strategy. Graziadio Business Review, 8(2). Retrieved from http://gbr. pepperdine. edu/2010/08/the-leaders-role-in-strategy/ Hoffman, B. J. , Bynum, B. H. , Piccolo, R. F. , & Sutton, A. W. (2011). Person-organization value Congruence: How transformational leaders influence work group effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 779-796. Meike, S. , Jacobs, K. , Soares, M. M. (2012). Emotions and leadership. Reason and impact of emotions in the organizational context. Work, 41, 5671-5673. doi 10. 3233/WOR-2012-0915-5671 Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 98-106. doi: 10. 1186/1472-6963-11-98

Brighton Rock †Sympathy Essay

â€Å"Greene does not encourage us to find much sympathy for any of the character† At the beginning of the novel, from the reader’s perspective Spicer gives the impression of being a young boy, in particular with his refusal to eat after they have murdered Hale. â€Å"I’ll be sick†¦if I eat† The Boy then responds with â€Å"Spew then†, this suggests that Spicer has a weakness especially within the group. As well as this it implies that Spicer regrets or feels a large amount of emotion towards the act they have just committed unlike Pinkie who seems totally unfazed. However, as the book continues we learn that Spicer is an older man as we are told of his â€Å"spots† that appear as well as â€Å"upset†¦bowels†, his â€Å"carroty† hair and his â€Å"scarred† nose. The sympathy the reader felt before then changes to loathing, as these new descriptions create an unattractive image for the reader. As well as this his earlier weakness now comes across as spineless and almost pathetic. We also learn that Spicer used to be a Jew â€Å"but a hairdresser and surgeon had altered that†. This reiterates the point that Spicer is spineless as he can’t even stand by his religion unlike Pinkie who has very strong religious views. Green does not actively encourage us to find sympathy in Pinkie by referring to him as either Pinkie or The Boy neither are his real name which creates a barrier between him and the reader which means that the reader has a lesser connection with him from the beginning compared to characters like Ida. As well as this Pinkie comes across as emotionless and therefore inhuman, for example there is no indication that Pinkie feels any remorse for arranging Hale’s murder. In addition to this Pinkie’s eyes are described as â€Å"slatey† which gives the impression they are cold and emotionless, this makes the reader feel disconnected from Pinkie as he is so disconnected from human beings. Pinkie is also hard to understand as he does not behave as expected, for example he reacts negatively to anything with warmth like romance, sex and even music, this is shown when dancing with Rose at Shelley’s as the music and intimacy conjures violent thoughts as it is said that he â€Å"caresses the bottle of vittorol†. Therefore it is hard for the reader to connect at all with Pinkie let alone with sympathy. Although when Pinkie’s age is mentioned it conjures up some sympathy, as it reminds the reader that Pinkie is only a boy trying to compete in man’s world. This is shown metaphorically when Greene mentions Pinkie’s suit being â€Å"a little too big for him†. As the focus of the characters is male heavy there is little emotion conjured with the two female characters. There is little written solely about Rose but the reader, especially female readers while sympathise with Rose’s side of her relationship with Pinkie as it the typically case of falling in love with the wrong man. Ida on the other hand conjures little sympathy because she is not a weak, dependent character like Rose but is incredibly strong-willed and independent. Overall I agree with the statement as Greene creates little sympathy towards his characters as you therefore feel the correct emotion toward the characters and not fazed by a â€Å"sob story†.

Using Your Manager Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Using Your Manager Skills - Research Paper Example First is the definition of the words used in defining the act pollutant, point source, navigable waters, and person (Manheim, 2009). Pollutant represents the solid waste, sewage, sewage sludge, biological materials, municipal, industrial, agricultural, discarded equipment and other forms of waste dumped into the water. The point source defines pipes, vessels, or containers from which pollutants are discharged. Navigable waters are water surfaces including wetlands whether or not water vessels use them. Finally, person defines corporations, government agencies, and actual people that may dump waste in water (Manheim, 2009). Secondly, the meaning of â€Å"in compliance† with the clean water act is also fundamental in understanding the act. It means that before an individual releases waste into the water, he or she must receive approval from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (Ferrey, 2010). The permit provided by the agency is dependent on the individual’s waste components in accordance with the effluent limitations. The effluent limitations are limits that determine the amount and type of pollutant that can be put in a particular mass of water (Buck, 2006). This ensures that the waste dumped in particular water masses does not have a negative impact on the people that use the water. It uses technology-based standards to determine the best existing technology that every industry can use to control water contamination. For instance, it ensures that an individual has treated the waste and reduce pollutants in the water as much as possible. Additionally, the agency determines whether a particular water surface can handle any more waste products or not. Solid Waste Disposal Act deals with solid waste disposal. Solid waste includes refuse, garbage, industrial waste, and sludge from waste treatment plants. The act aims to reduce solid waste contamination in the environment by developing cost-effective and environmentally

International Bus Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Bus Management - Essay Example communications, technology and transportation have provided the process a new momentum and have made the planet more co-dependent than ever (Global Policy Forum, 2010). The multinational organizations manufacture their products in a number of countries and sell to the consumers around the globe (Global Policy Forum, 2010). Raw materials, Money, technology and human resources have started moving across nations more swiftly than ever. Along with that the products, finances, cultures and ideas circulate more easily (Global Policy Forum, 2010). As a consequence, the legal, social and economics movements have been forming in International level. It is the time to have globalization in every aspect; globalization of economics, globalization of culture and legal environment (Global Policy Forum, 2010). The company, Nestle is a leading global company with its existence in around 130 countries around the world (Nestle, n.d.).The report consists of the analysis of its strategy in local and global markets. The company’s competitive strategy, foreign market entry strategy, market enhancement strategies as well as some other local and global strategies has been discussed below. At the same time a glance at the organizational structure of the company can provide an influential factor behind the success of the organization. Nestle is one of the most respected brand name in the global food and beverage industry. The company promotes its products in around 130 nations across the globe (Nestle, n.d.). Some of its well known global brands include Maggi, Nestea, Nescafe, Friskies and Nestle. Apart from its own products the company owns around 52% of shares of Alcon Inc and about 30 % of the cosmetic giant, L’Oreal (Hoovers, 2010). Such diverse range of products makes it a leading brand not only in the world of food and beverages but attempts to elevate it to greater heights. This part of the report has been based on the tactical theories, written by renowned authors on

Islamic Banking and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Islamic Banking and finance - Essay Example t, lack of technological support and sophistication for dealing with long drawn projects and existence of information asymmetry in relation to unique products offered by Islamic banks (Abduh and Omah, 2012). The paper is aimed at a detailed discussion of Islamic Banking development and foundations that lay the basis for their banking system. The paper attempts to understand critical aspects of the Islamic banking system and one of its critical schemes of profit and loss sharing mechanism within their lending process. Through an understanding of the PLS structure, the paper comprehends reasons for its unpopularity and reduced acceptance over other modes of finance, despite its evident advantages. The identification of problems also brings forth solution to problems associated with PLS finance. The paper makes recommendations to improve and revive the PLS finance based on such comprehensive analysis. With independence of Muslim community, it has been increasingly felt that modern financial institutions need to come into the Islamic Banking system and run in compliance with the Islamic sensitivity. The first degree of concrete steps towards combining modern day finance with Islam was seen in Egypt through Mit Ghamur project of savings in 1963 (Al-Alwani and El-Ansary, 1998). This project refrained from calling themselves to be Islamic in nature, yet there was an inherent culture of providing financial intermediation, as per teachings of the Islamic community. Dubai Islamic Bank was the first of its kind in commercial modern Islamic Banking and was founded in 1975 (Thomas, 2006). Out of a total of 176 Islamic banks as of 2006 that have been registered with Bankscope, 70% have been reported to be concentrated in Middle East. The remaining is split between South East Asia with 17% and Sub-Saharan Africa with 15% (Al-Hejailan, 2000). The report by Alvi (2010) also states that develop ment of organizational structures towards more sophisticated financial instruments like,

The Dark side or the inner beast and its deferent manifestation in the Research Paper

The Dark side or the inner beast and its deferent manifestation in the modern novels - Research Paper Example II. Consideration of some leading pieces of literature Some of the major concerns regarding the portrayal of inner beast are inherited in religious tales of Abrahamic religions that entail the story of Lucifer, and how he despised God to prove his superiority over human being. Other than religious concerns, a wide variety of traditional literature, and other arts too, again and again imply towards the vanity, pride and ego leading human to turn into a beast that is away from compassion and believes in his superiority to control the world and even to replace the God. A major work of Great Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment has been devoted wholly to this concept of man’s feeling and rationalization of superiority to replace God in order to control the world. Similarly, many of literature’s artifacts deal with the issue of inner beast. A number of British literature artifacts and their attachment with the issue of darkish human nature and inner beast a re discussed further. A. A Passage to India When we look at the attitude that British had adopted during the times of British rule over half of the world, we find out that British attitude had been involved in similar consideration of superiority to declare all other breeds and races inferior to British. A major work that Depicts this crude reality is E. M. Foster’s â€Å"A passage to India†. Considerably, India had been a country ruled by kings before. British entered there as businessmen. Significantly, British people had never mixed their culture with Indians as all the earlier rulers like Moguls did. Foster has depicted a clear racial discrimination of British rulers who became beasts in order to sustain with their fake feeling of superiority over other races. Apparently, the legal case within A Passage to India relates to an actual instance of General Dwyer issuing â€Å"an order requiring Indians to crawl through a street where an English girl, Miss Marcella She rwood, had been attacked. In Passage Mrs. Turton, after the supposed attack on Adela, says to the Indians, ‘They ought to crawl from here to the caves on their hands and knees whenever an Englishwoman's in sight’ (Hawkins). While some critics blamed Foster for downplaying the horrors of British colonialism in India, others found his exploration of British violence as a representative of the genteel Beastliness with which British people covered their un-Christian actions towards fellow human beings. In this case, not just a man but a whole community turns into a community of beasts. Forrester’s depiction still stands ahead of much literature over dark side of human nature as it does not raise just an anti-hero who turns bad out of some circumstances; rather it depicts blindness of a whole community to recognize human rights and equality. Although British are still accused of such behavior, it would be rather more racial to level those acts over a race. For example , still tackling an issue of British and European domination, Conrad has charged this darkness to human behavior. A depiction on almost similar issues of cruel treatment with native Africans appear in Heart of Darkness when he entails the utmost cruelty of British over Africans. Similarly, in The Magus, contrastingly an individual conquers the beast hidden within. B. The Magus Another major work by proficient British author

Quotes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quotes - Essay Example However, there is still a life which goes on behind bars and a continuation of life which should be supported. While a prisoner is certainly placed under boundaries of law, s/he does not stop being a human being and it must be noted that s/he has the same right to be treated humanely and with as much importance as those who are not with him/her in prison. The treatments and the rights are controlled by those who are supposed to manage prisons and things such as college degree earning program for prisoners can improve conditions for many prisoners. Instead of simply waiting for their time in prison to pass, they can be educated and taught to enhance their abilities and as a ‘captive’ audience, they would be receptive to the education which is given to them. Simply put, with the program, the prison system can put out educated college graduates while without the program the prison system is only putting out ex-convicts. All true stories become unbelievable as soon as we are told that they are true story or the events which are told to us are based on a true story. While we accept them as the truth, the element of disbelief and wonder is not taken away and we have to keep reminding ourselves that the story itself is true. We can certainly find examples of such stories in the media and even in anecdotes that we tell each other. For example, a baby that survives a burning building, a child who is able to beat grandmasters at chess, a person fighting against unbelievable odds, social stigma as well as other barriers that have been placed in his/her part and becoming successful in their endeavors. Most recently, we saw true events unfold in front of us as jetliners were used by terrorist as weapons against America. However, I feel that the most unbelievable true stories are the ones which take place everyday around us but are simply not reported. For example, a young high school student that does not take

Abortion - Today's Contemporary Moral Issue Essay

Abortion - Today's Contemporary Moral Issue - Essay Example To date no convincing results could be procured rather it emerged as the most contentious of all the existing contemporary societal concerns of the present century (Ethics of Abortion: Is it Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion). Abortion poses a ethical, societal, and therapeutic predicament that blend up poignant answers among disputants of the topic. Abortion is such an issue that carries two viewpoints encompassing choice and life. Life is present in the fetus right from the moment of conception, a fetus, or human embryo, is considered to be a living individual. Due to the act of abortion, the individual is divested from the survival and therefore for some abortion is considered to be equivalent to murder. The view is supported by the Catholic Church, as it is the moral responsibility to prevent every individual (Ethics of Abortion: Is it Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion). On the contrary, decision to give birth to the young one is the right of the mother and there should not be any interventions. Thus it is a matter of fetal life but at the same time the issue is concerned with the upbringing of the child and also the consent of the mother who has to give birth to the baby (individual). The present article considers the philosophical facet of abortion, as it encompasses the ethical assessment of the proceedings. History reveals that abortion has always been a contemporary issue, the issue was prevalent even before the birth of Christ. Some traditional methods were prevalent to kill the unwanted fetus, although it was a legal as well as political concern. It was Plato (428- 347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC) who maintained the outlook of abortion (Roos). Aristotle developed the thought of "delayed ensoulment" which had far reaching implications amongst intellectuals. He very well discriminated plants animals and humans and framed the view that the soul enters the human body once the body is fully formed. and also postulated the ensoulment as- for males it is forty days and for females it is eighty days. Roman law did not provide any legal standing to the infant till the family head accepts it (Roos). Later with the advent of Christianity life in womb was also considered to be sacred and therefore contradictions started which is prevailing even in the present situation (Roos). Abortion: a Cru cial Ethical Issue Abortion has been debated over the years on the political grounds to make a law and should be regarded as a murder of an individual or it should be left as a permissible issue leaving on the choice of the women. On the other hand it is believed by some that law must not legislate transience. It is also believed that all the laws must be made for good. A breakdown or stoppage to explicitly converse those morals and ethics could incomprehensible vital planning (Fetus, Humanity, Personhood: When Does a Fetus Become a Human Person with Rights). Could fetus be considered as an individual with rights? Debates related to abortion encompass the lawful eminence related to the fetus. Considering fetus as an individual, abortion is equivalent to the murder and therefore abortion is an illegitimate act. On the other hand, it is necessary to understand that it is the part of women's body and any state cannot compel a woman to continue with the pregnancy if the woman is not wil ling to maintain it to the complete term. Thus it should be an ethical choice and should not be a considered as a murder (Fetus, Humanity, Personhood: When Does a Fetus Become a Human Person with Rights). Female does possess Moral Responsibility towards the developing Fetus! In certain cases the contraception fails or the use of contraceptive means may turn out to be improper of

Importance of Education Essay Example for Free

Importance of Education Essay Providing free and quality education to children reflects the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or exploitation, those rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth. More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of addressing structural inequality and disadvantage. Primary education provides children with life skills that will enable them to prosper later in life. It equips children with the skills to maintain a healthy and productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make cultural and political contributions to their communities. Education also transmits more abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living, resilience, and self-confidence. An educated adult population is vital for strong economic development. It also lays the foundations for greater overall economic productivity, and the full use of new technologies for development. A system of compulsory schooling helps fight child labour. Educated and literate adults are more likely to be informed about sexual risks and better able to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. A lack of gender parity and equality in education is often a critical factor in underdevelopment. The education of women is a powerful means of sustaining improved health and education in the long term. Figures suggest that children of educated mothers are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school. The education of women also reduces fertility rates and improves the health of women, infants and children. In addition, the education of women may also address entrenched cultural views about traditional female roles as they are empowered and equipped with skills which enable them to make a full contribution to their communities. You can make a difference by entering a partnership, donating or volunteering.

Recruitment Case Study Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Case Study Essay _________ affect recruitment policies because firms often give preference to current employees in promotions, transfers, and other career-enhancing opportunities. Typically, the first step in an employees introduction to company policies, practices, and benefits is a (n) _________ program. Which of the following statements about an aging organization is true? The information least likely to be obtained in reference checks and recommendations is: The step following recruitment is ________, which is basically a rapid, rough selection process. The role of organizational culture in staffing is best applied if companies: When implementing recruitment activities, initial consideration should be given to a companys __________, especially for filling jobs above the entry level. Promotion-from-within policies must ______________, coupled with a company philosophy that permits employees to consider available opportunities within the organization. Read more:  Recruitment Case Study Recruitment begins by specifying __________, which are the typical result of job analysis and workforce planning activities. Which of the following statements about a company using a passive nondiscrimination posture is true? A soft-quota system: Which of the following is a concerted effort by the organization to actively expand the pool of applicants so that no one is excluded because of past or  present discrimination? Which law gives students the legal right to see all letters of recommendation written about them and also permits release of information about a student only to people approved by the student at the time of the request? Which act requires third-party investigators to secure the applicant’s written consent prior to doing a background check? This type of management style is often associated with organizations in the embryonic stage.

Movie Analysis On Wag The Dog Media Essay

Movie Analysis On Wag The Dog Media Essay The movie entitled Wag the Dog was directed by Barry Levinson which deals with the relationship between the president the media and the public in the country but most importantly, it focus on the abuse of political powers by the leaders. The film is from 1997 and its timing frame is about 1 hour 37 minutes long. The title of the film comes from the saying in America why does a dog wag its tail? In natural sense to wag a tail simply means to shake it back and forth, which dogs do any time they are happy. If the tail is wagging the dog, then the consequence will be that the dog will be made to be stupid. In short term the tail wagging the dog signified or refers to something that has greater meaning such as a war being driven by something less such as sex scandal. The description of the title set the satirical tone of the movie which is a comedy about how public opinion was manipulated through the means of media. Through this film, people are now enlightened to know what the government can do with a little false-flag media. Never the less the film entails about a president who was officially accused of having a sex with a young teenage girl who belong to a society related to the girls scouts in the white house two weeks before the presidential election, which a media expert was called upon to fix the problem by causing or creating a fake war with Albania to draw the public attention away from what has happen. The media specialists were able to divert the whole sex scandal situation through the film producer named Stanley Motss (played by Dustin Hoffman). we can see that through this movie, media uses images, symbols and signs in order to divert the publics attention on problems that may not be relevant to them but what they may need to complete their lives. This method was derived from the concept of the period called the postmodern where people brains were soaked in such signs, symbols and images. This has also made the public to think that it is reality, mean while it is not but the medias version of reality. It is quite an understanding that Motss uses this style to derive the public attention away from the presidents sex scandal in the movie. The movie success lies on the believe that film does not fail to explain its basic ideas and impressions. In the beginning part of the movie, the background was dark and mysterious as Conrad the spin doctorthe spin doctor the spin doctor the spin doctor and the presidents advisors Robert DeNiro were having a conversation concerning the issue of the sex scandal and sorting out how to divert the public attention from the issue. With this, we can see that a specific setting is used to infer the secrecy of a dark setting as most unveiled plans are made underground without the notice of the public. This ways is represented the same way as in the present days where most gang members will do the same. Already we can see Conrads character as being too much demanding, pessimistic and also intelligent as he was the one who brought the formation of the fake war with Albania. He brought the idea and was the leader of the whole operation and he makes sure that all the plans went well as planned. Stanley Motts is seen as a Hollywood producer that Conrad visits to help him on producing the fake war. St anley Motts acts comparably to any other film producer in the present days as all they ever thought about is acknowledgment (credit) towards a particular project to become famous by achieving something great and to be known. Moreover Conrad and Motts had same ideas of creating a fake war to divert the sexual disaster away from the public. As the saying goes, Great minds think alike, This apply to other politician, Conrad has been in the system for a while and he knows how to cut the grass as he offers a position of being an ambassador to Motts; however Motts wants to do it as a pleasure. This shows how politician can turn ones mind by mentioning the ways of giving a reward which in this case we have seen that the position of an ambassador is guarantee. Moreover, whatever the politician says cannot be seen as a believable fact even through their line of expertise as they try to spin information on somebody, we can see that Conrad plays his own part on Motts to motivate him to produce his fake war. From this point of view, we can say that Conrad is seen as the presidents spin doctor because the president relies on Conrad to make the situation change away from the public connoting the close relationship exi sting by the president and Conrad. During the media scene of building the war, a young teenager girl was used, to act as an Albanian girl, in fact she is an actress being given such a role to run through an empty studio. However, the young girl was holding a bag containing chips instead of a white kitten as Motts could not find the kitten he needed. In the order hands the white kitten was edited by the use of technology instead of the bag of chips in which she was holding, this is to show how media can easily be used to play around with images, by using modern technology which the viewers will not have an idea whether it amount to the reality or not. Moreover the media has made us to understand that it is not everything that we see or hear that is truth. The white kitten that was edited signifies purity, peace and clarity onto the public and makes them more interested in the lost girl at war and not the presidents sex scandal. Latter on the village, sirens and sound effects of somebody screaming were added. This infor mation was played on the evening news and it touches so many hearts of the American people. They unknowingly trusted what they are seeing because it is on the news. at this point we can see how the media was use to quickly changes peoples minds into another dramatic concern at hand which is similar in our contemporary society where we get soaked into some certain advertisements, such as a magazine avert were you actually see most of the models, and you will be amaze because they are considered to be beautiful. Furthermore Conrad and Anne were having a brief talk with a CIA agent claiming that the Albanian war was all a trick. We can see that Politics is shown within the movie where Conrad spins and change the whole statement convincing the CIA agent that the war was real. At the same time, we see another side of Anne, as she does not seem to be involved in the operation which shows the weak side of her character due to the penalties that she may face if she is caught. Another sign of peace and purity was shown during the producing of the war where a young Albanian girl offers the president an offering of helping her and her mother. At the same time, the president offers his coat to the young teenage girls mother which indicates that he is giving her shelter and pity towards her feelings due her suffering in the war. Among many manipulations of the two devise are the creation of a fake war with the poor Albanian villagers, stage event congratulating with the president on his effort to Albania and the final a public inter-relation campaign used to sympathize for the death soldier after the fictionalized war was put to end by the CIA. In conclusion the film Wag the Dog is an interesting and suspicious film that have entirely manages to side up political matters of our modern society. If our entire connection with the reality of politics is through the means of media, or if politics is separated from our ordinary world to the point that we only co-operate through that terrible little box (media), truth will become a frighteningly subjective concept. Moreover, the film has also made us to understand that, we are nothing but pencil in the hands of our manipulators this means that it is not every information we hear that amount to truth.

Time Machine :: essays research papers

The Time Machine Herbert George Wells was born in 1866 in Bromley, Kent, a few miles from London, the son of a house-maid and gardener. Wells died in 1946, a wealthy and famous author, having seen science fiction become a recognized literary form and having seen the world realize some of science fiction's fondest dreams and worst fears. Wells mother attempted to find him a safe occupation as a draper or chemist. Wells had a quick mind and a good memory that enabled him to pass subjects by examination and win a scholarship to the Normal School of Science, where he stayed for three years and, most importantly, was exposed to biology under the famous Thomas H. Huxley. Wells went into teaching and writing text books and articles for the magazines that were of that time. In 1894 he began to write science-fiction stories. -James Gunn Wells vision of the future, with its troglodytic Morlocks descended from the working class of his day and the pretty but helpless Eloi devolved from the leisure class, may seem antiquated political theory. It emerged out of the concern for social justice that drew Wells to the Fabian Society and inspired much of his later writing, but time has not dimmed the fascination of the situation and the horror of the imagery. The Time Machine brought these concerns into his fiction. It, too, involved the future, but a future imagined with greater realism and in greater detail than earlier stories of the future. It also introduced, for the first time in fiction, the notion of a machine for traveling in time. In this novel the Time Machine by H. G. Wells, starts with the time traveler trying to persuade his guest's the theory of the fourth dimension and even the invention. He tries to explain the fourth dimension before he shows them the time machine so they don't think of him as a magician. H. G. Wells uses details about the fourth dimension to teach the reader the theory about it to capture your attention. Also Wells character the time traveler says "Scientific people", "Know very well that time is only a kind of space". In this quote he is clearly using persuasion tactics. He tries to attack there consious by saying that, scientific people know that this is only a kind of space. He says this in hopes that they will believe what he says just because other

Impure Puritans in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Impure Puritans in The Scarlet Letter In a world where society is disorganized, unhappy, and chaotic, it can be extremely difficult to provide an honest, and just law system. As a result, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, people use their religion (Puritan), as judge, jury, and executioner. For some people, it can be very troublesome to live a normal life when you are surrounded by biased and chauvinistic men and women. In this story, Hester Prynne is a victim of her religion, and her fellow townsfolk. Throughout the book, Hawthorne writes about the townspeople and how they act and behave towards each other, Hester, and life in general. The novel starts with Hester walking towards the town scaffold to be seen for public display, because she committed the crime of adultery. A lane was forthwith opened through the crowd of spectators. Preceded by the beadle, and attended by an irregular procession of stern- browed men and unkindly visaged women, Hester Pyrnne set forth towards the place appointed for her punishment. A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys, understanding little of the matter in hand except that it gave them a half-holiday, ran before her progress, turning their heads continually to stare into her face, and at the wink-ing baby in her arms, and at the ignominious letter on her breast. P. 52, 53 As this is happening, all the people see is the crime that Hester committed, not the person behind it. They do not take into consideration, that the crime itself, is not as evil as they make it out to be. Hawthorne describes it as enjoyable to the spectators, by showing the children watch her and laugh as she makes her way to the scaffold. It's as though the people of the Puritan religion are heartless, ruthless, cold blooded, and that what is going on, is considered fun. Aside from forcing Hester to stand on the scaffold, they make her knit an "A" onto her chest. The "A" symbolizes adultery. The plan was for people to look upon this symbol, pity her, and make Hester feel deprived of humanity. Instead of knitting a simple "A", Hester designs a very complex and elaborate one. The reaction from the people shows how evil some of

English Translation of Chinese Neologisms from the Perspective

1. Introduction Language is dynamic. Every day there are new words coming into use in languages and there are many others fading away from lexicon. Chinese, one of the oldest languages in the world, still possesses this dynamism. Language serves as a tool of communication and interaction, thus it reflects the social changes, and meanwhile social changes find their expressions in language, which leads to the advent of neologisms. The appearances of new inventions, new technologies, new ideas and new social phenomena are capable of bringing neologisms into languages.In the twentieth century, Chinese neologism has undergone three stages: the first stage was from 1919, after the May 4th Movement; the second stage was from the establishment of People’s Republic of China to 1978; the third stage began with the policy of reform and opening-up. Entering into the new century, the development of society has hasted their paces and the communication between centuries becomes more frequent . Language is witnessing the changes. During recent years, an increasing number of new words has been adopted into Chinese.Therefore, as the translator, he or she shoulders the responsibility of translating the new words properly in order to convey the Chinese culture to other countries, and this has proved to be a great challenge. Though there are many dictionaries and handbooks which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of Chinese neologisms, the study of neologism translation is far from enough. This thesis will discuss the translation strategies in order to accomplish the translation of Chinese neologisms efficiently by adopting the theoretical foundation of Eugene A.Nida’s Functional Equivalence. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first part is introduction; the second part focuses on the origins and characteristics of Chinese neologism; the third part puts its emphasis on the theoretical basis—Functional Equivalence, which was proposed by the famou s American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida; the fourth part discusses the respective translation strategies under the guidance of the translation theory. The fifth part talks about the existing problems in neologism translation and how to solve these problems.Last part is a conclusion of the whole thesis. Neologisms emerged in the new century especially new words of 2008 will be adopted as main examples, because they are endowed with fresher and richer contents and reflect the characteristics of new era more evidently. The examples and their translations are quoted mainly from China Daily, Global Times and official translation versions of political documents. This thesis will not specify the respective source of each neologism.

Reading Habit Essay

When there were no televisions or computers, reading was a primary leisure activity. People would spend hours reading books , traveling to far away lands in their minds. With time, people have lost their skill and passion to read as there are many other exciting and thrilling options available these days, aside from books. And that is a shame because reading offers a productive approach to improving vocabulary and word power, it helps to learn things that are not taught in school or by a teacher. Reading magazines and newspapers daily informs us with what is going on in the outside world or in the community we live in. Children who love reading have comparatively higher IQs. They are more creative and do better in schools and colleges. Children who start reading from an early age have good language skills, and have a better grasp on the variances in phonics . Reading helps in mental development and stimulates the eyes muscles it involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader. It is an indulgence that enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently. The habit of reading also helps readers to decipher new words and phrases that they come across in everyday conversations. Reading can become a healthy addiction and adds to our information on various topics helping us to stay in-touch with contemporary writers as well as those from the days of yore and makes us sensitive to global issues. It is therefore essential to cultivate the habit of reading from an early age for self – development.

Businesses and organizations Essay

â€Å"Businesses and organizations use various types of information systems to support the many processes needed to carry out their business functions. Each of these information systems has a particular purpose or focus, and each has a life of its own. This â€Å"life of its own† concept is called the systems development life cycle or SDLC, and it includes the entire process of planning, building, deploying, using, updating, and maintaining an information system. The development of a new information system involves several different, but related activities. These activities, or phases, usually include planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance/support. In other words, SDLC is a conceptual model that guides project management in information system development.†(Wikibooks) The life cycle starts with preliminary investigation which all the available information needed for the system elements and allocation of the requirements to the software are gathered. Next is the analysis of the requirements. This involves the analyst understanding the functions of the software which is required for the system based off the gathered information. Then is the system design in which the analyst designs and finalizes the best suited design for the system. The difficult step of system coding or development comes next which is where the analyst translates the design and programs into code for the computer. After the previous steps next are the testing phase where the system is testing to see if it works as intended or not. Then is implementation where the system is given to the customer and feedback is returned to insure the program works as intended. And finally system maintenance is the last step, here the analyst insures the system remains working within the proper bounds and functions appropriately and fixes any problems. I think this relates to database development in a number of ways. One is how it starts, gathering information and finding the intent of the system. Next you must plan out how to set up the database, by determining the vital information. Then comes the minor details. You set up your database fill in some test information insure it works properly and make needed adjustments. Finally you implement your database design where in it works properly you merely maintain and fix any errors. 2. Look up â€Å"Requirement Analysis† on the web. What kinds of topic headin g do you find? I found headlines like â€Å"Business Requirement Analysis†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Software Requirement Analysis† and â€Å"Five common errors in requirements analysis (and how to avoid them)† References Wikibooks – Systems Analysis and Design/Introduction- Open book for an open world http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Systems_Analysis_and_Design/Introduction

Media Research Example Essay

Start with a short intro You can start with the title or genre as your basic point. Dicussing why, where,when or how. Remember to always do background checking on the genres to get the codes and conventions to make yours suit the conventions, not to confuse your target audience. Dont forget to do some research on your target audience too. This is essential. Other research you can do, for example on scripts or previous posters similar to yours is a mustdo and a real big help! My example: Research for my thriller film Forbidden Pieces For the title of my film, I researched different films that had similar film ideas to mine and tried to think of a title that would represent my idea but not give it away as soon as someone read it. I looked at different musical words with other adjectives and came up with these ideas and after asking those from my target audience they agreed that Forbidden Pieces would be the best title. >Swinging Life. > Forbidden Pieces > Crescendoing complications > Paper Cut This is because some of the scenes I believe a younger audience wouldn’t understand, yet there are parts that I believe students can relate to better than adults – that is also why I have based my film in a school with a student around education – something that influences students every day, or that they can relate to everyday. I then asked them using my questionnaire and series of questions; one being what they would like to see in a psychological thriller, nearly all of them said suspense or death and blood, one that makes you really think. So with their list of most popular everyday uses I have added a few to my film, including laptops, phones and school equipment as well as music. Usually in a psychological thriller, the target audience is those who are above the age of 18 and this is because of some of the characters may have psychological illnesses that younger viewers would find disturbing. However, for my film Forgotten Pieces, I have lowered my target audience to 15 because there is not going to be so much bloody scenes. My character does in the end go insane after loosing everything, and commits suicide – not that you see her commit suicide just her feet hanging, meaning it is suitable for slightly younger teens. Past research has shown that women are more attracted to psychological thrillers, because they enjoy the mystery and story behind events that take place in thriller films. My script research has come from many different things, the first from looking at thriller scripts online. I found that the website: http://www.simplyscripts.com/genre/thriller-scripts.html was really helpful, as it gave me lots of different thriller scripts to look up. I used the scripts from 13 Ghosts, and Sixth Sense to help me, and I realised when and where I had to make things bold, or stand out more by putting them into caps. I never realised how hard writing a script could be, how much you actually have to include. I also looked at what my target audience would like to see in a thriller film, and used that in my script. As well as making the dialogue modern but still sounding posh or proper English at some parts as the school is for the elite. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jaI1XOB-bsTo start off with, I had to think of what type of genre I wanted my film to be, whether it was just a horror ( which I was informed is a very popular choice) or if I wanted it to be a thriller. I decided to look up what was needed in terms of codes and conventions for a thriller, but when I looked I found that there were so many different types of thriller: my one, I decided would be a psychological one, one that plays with the mind and makes you  shake with suspense. So I then looked up what I would need for a psychological thriller and found these; Codes and Conventions of a Thriller movie  I also looked then, at similar style films. Either with an instrument as the main focus ( the piano) or with psychological issues, and found.

An Interview With A Caucasian Family

Family History Interview The person I choose to interview was my mother Elizabeth . The reason I chose to interview her was that I wanted to gain a closer bond with her. She is the closet relative living from which I could gain the most knowledge. (Q11) She was raised by both of her parents. (Q1) Her father Marlyn , was the Mayor or Morgantown, WV, as well taught law at WVU. Her Mother was Jerry , a graduate of WVU with a bachelor’s degree in zoology. Jerry was a woman of many talents. She sold†¦ Interview One Questions The first interview is between two sisters. I questioned the oldest sister, which is 30 years old. I believe that this sibling relationship is between Intimate and congenial. The reason I think this, is because the sisters seem very close and seem to accept that their relationship is valued by both of them. I also believe that the relationship is congenial because the siblings seem to be friends as well. These sisters seem†¦ think that something similar could happen but I think police would investigate it much more than they did back in Duluth, when the crime was committed. I think that this might happen today if the police officer who is conducting the interview with a young Caucasian woman, if the police officer has any form of prejudice or bias toward any specific race of people or if they believes everything the person is saying is true without investigating further. Many things have changed for the better since†¦ Family Interview Throughout the semester, I have been very excited about this paper and jumped at the opportunity to interview my older sister, Michelle. Our family is a little unconventional, but I would not change it for the world. My sister and I both have the same father, but different mothers due to divorce and remarriage. Interestingly enough, my sister is thirteen years older than me, causing us to spend most of our lives at different points and milestones. Within recent years, we have become†¦ Marriage and Family Interview Assumptions Fundamentally, I believe marriage is diverse, since individuals originate from different backgrounds and cultures. Individuals, including married couples, have different values, beliefs, and attitudes towards life, such as parenting styles, rituals, traditions, and religious and spirituality affiliations, to name a few. Additionally, many couples decide not to have children. As counselors, we learn that each client is different, and the same goes for†¦ For the family interview, I decided to meet with one of my friends to interview her about her family. We started by focusing on her whole family tree, including all of her aunts, uncles, and cousins. After we went over the entire family, I asked her questions about the members she has a significant relationship with and asked about their education, occupation, interests, health problems, and friendships. The person that I interviewed is in a serious relationship, so we went over her partner’s family†¦ Interview of a family member I have selected to interview my grandfather. The main reason for that is because I have learned many things from the stories and experiences that he has shared with me about his life. I will be comparing my grandpa’s life as a teen in the 1960’s to the life of a teenager now days using the knowledge that we both have to offer ,even though he was not living in Canada during his teen years. In general being a teenager in the 1960’s was different compared to being a teenager†¦ Being born into a caucasian middle-class family was not something that I chose or had any power over. My life could be much different than it is now had my parents, or may I say birth parents, kept me. I do not like to use the phrase â€Å"given up† as my parent did not just give me away to some strange family, but I was put into a middle-class family so that I could live a â€Å"happy† life. My biological parents, more my mother, were not in the position to raise a baby. At the age of eighteen and living†¦ Family Interview and Genogram I chose to interview Inmaculada â€Å"Alex† DeFeo (2015). She is the source of much of the information. I based assessments on my analysis of her explained life. Detailed is given to her age and familial relations. The strength perspective used in order to highlight strengths in how overcoming or living with situations, statuses, and results of events. Individual and family patterns, concern, and influences regarding them aimed are touched upon. Family Members Names†¦ Family Interview A student nurse interviewed a twenty-six year old mother and twenty-seven year old father; first time parents of a healthy, full term baby boy. The mother has no significant health history with the exception of Herpes Simplex Virus, which she was adequately treated for with antiviral medication. The maternal grandmother has a history of breast cancer and cervical cancer, while the maternal grandfather has a history of type I diabetes. The father has no significant health history†¦

How is this artefact the product of a particular historical and Essay - 2

How is this artefact the product of a particular historical and cultural environment - Essay Example In addition, the screen that is the size of an A4 enables the user to access clear pictures. The laptop was therefore an innovative personal computer that enhanced the application of the computer in various settings. The laptop, which is one of the many forms of a personal computer, is a readily available item that people in the modern day utilize extensively. Laptops are made from various materials depending on the manufacturers’ designs. However, they are primarily made from varying proportions of a mixture of metal, rubber, glass and plastic. The screen is made from glass that is supported by a hardened form of plastic. The internal gadgetry consists of wires, electric boards, capacitors, batteries and a hard disk. Manufactures make extensive use of different types of metals. The manufactures prefers to use copper in the wires owing to its conductivity traits while they also use aluminium in the general structure owing to its strength and lightness that contributes to the portability of the. Ordinarily, the outer surface is made from plastic that is water resistant, tough and does not rust. The features and composition of each laptop varies depending on the customers’ needs, the computer brand and the capacity of each computer. For instance, laptop used by the military in the field are covered using harder materials to av oid destruction. By contrast, laptops made for the ordinary people tend to be fragile since they are used limited times. Company philosophy also contributes to the structure. Some entities in the laptops sector make laptops in very few colours. For instance, Apple only paints its laptops silver grey or black. Therefore, laptops will vary in colour, size and composition owing to the varying visions of manufactures and the customers. The laptop is a computer gadget, which requires numerous electronic items that will enable it work

Literary theory is an organon of methods. Discuss this statement Essay

Literary theory is an organon of methods. Discuss this statement - Essay Example From this line of thinking, someone can deduce the meaning of synonyms/unethical words, the meaning of homonymous/equivocal, and the meaning of paronymous/denominative words. These facts lead to the divisibility of speech into either simple, or structured with composition1. Only structured forms of speech can be false or true. What is said of a subject can be said to be the description of the subject as a whole. Under normal circumstances, what is said about a subject is always meant to answer the question of exactly what the subject is. What is said to be contained in a subject is always meant to describe the content of the subject. These are things whose existence completely depend on the existence of the subject. What is contained in a subject can also be referred to as inherence. Some things can be predicated of a subject, but do not exist in any subject. For instance, â€Å"man† might be predicated of John or James, but fail to be in any subject. Some things can be in a subject, but cannot be predicated of a subject. In such cases, a certain specific point of grammatical knowledge is in the subject but cannot be predicated of any subject because of its individuality. Some things have the ability to be predicated of a subject and be in a subject. A good example of such a case will be science. Science is in the mind as in a subject while at the same time can be predicated of geometry. There are also things that cannot be in any subject, neither can they be predicated of any subject. The reason as to why they cannot be predicted is that they are individuals. They cannot be in a subject because they are substances2. Organon can also help in the comprehensive, explicit, and formal understanding of the relationship between logic and language. Basic linguistic formscan be classified into prepositions and simple terms, verbs and nouns, negation, the number of simple propositions, on modal propositions, and studies on the excluded

Latin American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin American Politics - Essay Example Trade unions developed under government control in Mexico or Brazil, were managed at the price of ntially increased labour costs which had led employers to adopt capital-intensive, production methods. (Ward, 2006). Specifically for Mexico, Argentina and Peru, the earning capability of the urban poor was held down by their limited talents and work skills, by the limited opportunities for higher paid formal sector work, and by competition from rural immigrants. The self-employed were subjected to political harassment. Small-scale businesses were hampered by their suppliers, and they had to deal with tight credit. Job opportunities in industry were limited, and there was growth of employment in the service sector. Economic development had increased the demand for more service workers. The concept of injustice in Latin America had dealt with the various types of unfair, discriminatory and injurious treatment suffered by the poor in the region. This concept involves a study of the different structures, practices and relationships that involve the subordination, domination, persecution and repression of human beings through the use of violence and intimidation. The Mexican revolution was spearheaded by Lazaro Cardena. Crdenas stated emphatically in a public address that the organization of workers and the organization of peasants were indispensable for the implementation of the laws of Mexico. He regarded organized labor as a superior force which can definitely provide the resistance that had opposed the economic upliftment of the Mexican people.However, Crdenas and his chief labor lieutenant, Lombardo Toledano, had different views on whether workers should unite to form producer co-operatives. The leadership of the central labor federation was open to a mixed form of industrial administration which gave a voice to the state and the consumers. Cardenas had also presented his position at Monterrey in which his speech contained his Fourteen Points. He had advocated the principle that an industry that could only survive on low wages, sweatshop conditions, and evasion of labor laws had no right to live. He had suggested the establishment of wo rker cooperatives. Peru was managed by a special military junta led by Division General Juan Velasco Alvarado, who was then the general commander of the army and chairman of the joint military command at the time of the coup. He was named president of the republic after the Revolutionary Junta gained full control of the government. The October 3 coup was planned by generals and colonels who desired to start a "revolution" that would end the historical predominance of foreign economic interests and the local oligarchy in the political and economic life of the nation. The new regime issued a manifesto in which it sought to reverse the unjust social and economic order which puts the national wealth within the reach of the privileged few, while the majority had suffered poverty. Many Peruvian entrepreneurs had complained that the nation's most profitable businesses were owned and monopolized by the foreigners. To address this problem, the military had implemented expropriations which were aimed to limit o r remove foreign participation in agriculture, services, banking, telecommunications, and the marketing of petroleum and minerals. Thus, Latin American countries had faced a myriad

Organisational Transformation in Practice Assignment

Organisational Transformation in Practice - Assignment Example The task requirement was to attempt the project in the light of the lectures and seminars attended on the subject matter within a period of 2 months. The project was to be done in groups that were made by random selection of people; meaning they were made by the instructor and not according to our will in order to ensure an even distribution so that all individuals of the same calibre do not form a single group. In my case, a group of six members were formed; two of which were friends already, while the rest of us barely knew each other. Moreover, the team leader assigned was a female. The main challenge was to cope and keep pace with the team members and complete the assigned task within time. Performing projects within the given time constraint had never been an issue for me, but what really served as a challenge for me while working on this particular project was the aspect of working with a team that were I was not entirely familiar with. And this aspect of learning how to deal w ith people I don’t know, which is especially crucial when it comes to team tasks, is precisely the most valuable thing that I take away from this experience. Self-Awareness Despite being a fairly social person, it has always been hard for me to adjust to new people. I always need some time to get comfortable while interacting with people I don’t know. So, during the first few weeks I felt very uncomfortable working with new team. Although, I have a friendly personality, but still I needed some time and space to get along with the new members. The group kicked off the work with small tasks such as role plays and brainstorming exercises; which encouraged us to speak up and to share our view points. These exercise helped us understand and get to know each other. But still the major task was yet to be done. Later, in third week we were directed to start thinking about a Multinational Company that we, as a group would choose for the project. This proved to be quite a diffic ult stage for all the team members as this is where conflicts started to arise because everyone had his separate opinions. I noticed that some of my team members were reluctant to share their viewpoint, while some members kept on bombarding their ideas. The most enthusiastic of the lot in giving their inputs were the two members that were friends already and who were of the view that the group should consider Red Cross for the study at hand. At that stage, I personally felt that those two friends were quite strong in our group due to their affiliation as the rest of us had still not opened up to each other and were therefore, a little hesitant at these initial stages of work. So, my leader asked every member to give their best shot regarding the company, which they thought was the best. Although, I did not like the company that was chosen for our study, but still I had to accept it as I was working in a team, the aspect of which can be related to the term referred to as â€Å"Chang e Management Iceberg† by Wilfred Kruger (Kruger, n.d.). Moreover, the most difficult tasks for me were: group working, and practical implication of applying knowledge and theories to the assigned task. I was able to deal with these two aspects only through talking myself into believing that it’s never too late to learn new skills be it human or technical, and by taking every aspect of that whole project

Keynesian Liquidity Preference Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Keynesian Liquidity Preference Framework - Essay Example Apart from this optimistic approach there will be some negative characteristics of high money supply like, it will hike the inflation rate up to an optimal level (Fontana 31). Let's say the treasury printed so much in Federal Reserve Bank (FED) which made every American a millionaire, after the retirement of everyone, there would be no more workers or servants left to do the biddings which urges the industries to attract people by raising their wages. This of course is the essence of inflation; so persistency in spending the money would be required to overcome the circumstances which may arise due to higher money supply and we can say that it's a best cure of recession. A recession will change in depression if a "Liquidity Gap" occurs in it. A liquidity gap is when people hoard money and refuse to spend, no matter how much the government tries to expand the money supply. There are ample reasons why people hesitate to invest the money; it can be a consumer loss of confidence on the ec onomy probably due to stock market crash or the law and order situation in the country, natural disaster like earthquake or hurricane are also the major cause which abate the spending of the money in the country, although saving is a good thing but it is not viable if spending and investment are not on an adequate level. You know "Wars are good for economy" (it must astonish you) almost all the economist agree that World War II cured the great depression because the U.S finally began massive spending on defense. Social Programs are much more preferable over the ways to avoid depression. The success of Keynesian economics can be evaluated by having a glance over the recession periods. In U.S, before the World War II, eight recessions worsened into depression which happened in (1807, 1837, 1882, 1893, 1920, 1933 and 1937) and since world war II there have been nine recessions under Keynesian policies happened in (1945-46, 1949, 1954, 1956, 1960-61, 1970, 1973-75, 1980-83, 1990-92) and not a single recession turned into a depression. Richard Nixon who was the 37th president of the United States (1969-1974) once declared that "We are Keynesians now" shows the importance of Keynesian Liquidity Preference Theory. As mentioned earlier savings is a must for the economy. According to Keynes saving is equal to investment; means every dollar which is saved is ultimately utilized as an investment in the economy (Keynes 150). Now the concept of money supply and price level effect comes into place; if the economy reaches on an optimal level then people become less interested to invest and under this influence price level increases because the income level also increases. In liquidity preference framework, Keynes (211) states that the money demand can be equated with the term Marginal Efficiency Unit (MEU). Keynes further apprises that nothing will induce the people to invest money if they are on a consensus that the economy is on its peak point from where the prices of the commodities begin to rise and result in increasing the inflation rate up to a vulnerable position (Handa, 511). The industry which badly gets hurt from this jeopardous situation is the banking industry because

Literacy Autobiography Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literacy Autobiography Assignment - Essay Example The major advantage is that finance is applied uniformly across different industries and in different countries. Consequently, the motivation behind pursuing finance was modelled by the universality of the career and the versatility that the career offers, which may not be possible in other careers today. A career in finance promises the fastest rate of career advancement compared to other careers today. Compared to other industries, there is much less defined levels of seniority when it comes to finance, making it possible for employees to advance much faster in their career progression goals. In most careers, high performers in finance do move up the ladder much faster compared to the less performing staff regardless of their age. This particularly makes finance the most attractive discipline for ambitious people or those who need to prove their readiness to succeed in the highest levels of management despite their age. All that one need is the right qualifications and the determin ation to work harder and smarter to be courted by leading corporates or work privately to realize these goals. This explains the reason why relatively young finance managers have taken over highly performing organizations today. There is unending thirst for those highly qualified in finance, a thirst that the market has failed to quench. As a result, while careers in other industries are shrinking, in finance the field is ever widening to accommodate more with the high performing professionals finding an easy way to the most lucrative jobs. An article in Forbes magazine stated that currently, there is an increasing demand for financial advisors as more Baby Boomers approach their retirement age and need help on financial management (Touryalai). In addition, the article states that in American today, only 5% of more than 316,000 financial advisers are below 30 years of age, and that the bulk of the existing financial advisors are nearing their retirement age. This has created a huge demand in finance-based professions with the demand expected to increase with time. The operation culture in most finance-based careers offers a favourable working environment that may not be realized in most careers. In finance, the main requirements for professionalism are smartness in thinking, rapid response to situations with the correct solutions and constant flow of results within the required constraints. While these factors may be difficult for some, they are exhilarating for those who make things to happen and are eager to achieve their potentials. Moreover, most firms have much less thin staffing margins and lack the bureaucracy that is common in most careers. Mark Tibergian the CEO of Pershing Advisor Solutions remarked that financial advisors are in a career that offers the right degree of independence for employees and that the career stimulates the intellect of such professionals (Touryalai). This leads to increased confidence and being in control of things in an orga nization. The career in this case will only call for exceptionally hard work, commitment and the right focus to remain afloat, besides succeeding. Those who achieve these qualities will certainly reap great benefits. Finance careers offer the best remunerations compared to other careers in different industries. Considering the field requires those with a thirst to succeed, who have to employ commitment, and the best of

The issues that face the well-known clothes brands to open new stors Research Proposal

The issues that face the well-known clothes brands to open new stors in Perth City In Western Australia - Research Proposal Example As such, it will outline some of the factors that they should put into consideration, as well as the strategies that they must employ in order to capture the market and have a controlling share of the sales volume (Aage and Belussi 2008, p.45). The key objective of this research proposal is to determine the issues that face well-known clothes brands when they want to open new clothes stores in Perth City located in Western Australia. In identifying these issues, the research proposal will provide prospective investors with an avid avenue to invest in the city. Some of the key areas of research to cover include (Ambrose, Cohen and Tannenbaum 2003, p.17). This research comes at the backdrop of an increase in the entrants of new players in the fashion industry within Perth city. The city is located in Western Australia and lies within one of the largest metropolis in Australia (Mathur 2001, p.133). As such, the high population of people living in this city creates a viable opportunity for the market players to take advantage of and maximize their sales volume, thereby increasing their profits. It is among the most isolated cities in the world, with a calm and presentable habitat hosting over one and half a million residents. The city also lies along the coastal line and has beautiful beaches that define the lifestyle of the city adequately as a safe, quiet and laid-back city (Balmer 2008, p.182). As such, fashion investors need to consider these lifestyle practices and trends of city dwellers in order to determine the best fashions to market within the city. It is always advisable for the suppliers to provide customers with what they demand, rather than what they feel the customers might want to use(McCracken 1986, p.71). For instance, because of the long sprawling beaches and hot afternoons, the fashion industries can invest

Putting Members First Essay Example for Free

Putting Members First Essay At Nationwide we want to work with people who share our values. In 200 300 words what do Nationwide’s values mean to you? And how do you exhibit these when you work with others? Nationwide’s values are clear and concise, arranged in a 5 letter acronym, PRIDE. Each letter holds impact, and the values are very clear to what Nationwide believes in. Firstly, they believe in putting members first. This reflects that it is the customers who take priority. I believe that this should be the forefront of any organisation in that there should be a good quality service in place solely based on satisfying the customer. I would regard the customer in every decision I make/input in teams. Rewarding memberships is also important to Nationwide’s culture. There has to be an incentive in place to make members feel they are seeking benefits by choosing Nationwide. I would ensure that this is done by being hardworking, and helping others achieve their targets, so the members will receive their reward. Members of Nationwide also have to have trust in the work that they do. I believe in working with integrity and exert professionalism so that the members know that their information is safe, and that they feel they are priority so they can trust that they are receiving the best reward. This links into the next value at Nationwide of doing the right thing. I understand that it is important to own up to mistakes and try to amend these rather than trying to cover them up. Pride in the company should always be ahead of my own pride. Excelling at service is what gives Nationwide its prestigious place as the largest building society in the world. I would ensure that I keep up to Nationwide’s high standards.

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay This report discusses a case study on capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific a company that has undergone growth. The case study illustrate the importance of growth and its linkage to the environment. The report first start with defining the capacity planning and control then looks at capacity-timing strategy Georgia Pacific uses and the factors that influence this strategy. Then looks at major factors that it used to make its capacity expansion decision and what other factors might the company have considered. The report then further explain the technique Georgia Pacific used to make its facility location decision and what other facility factors might the company have considered. Also the report looks at how environmental considerations affect capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific and lastly in my own opinion explain if Georgia pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location. Finally the report concludes with Georgia paci fic production style, the manner in which the company operates as a team, its environmental consideration and decision making process. Definition on capacity planning In operations management, capacity is referred as an amount of the input resources available to produce relative output over period of time.(citation) Strategic capacity planning is important in an organisation mainly because its facilitate the organisation to meet its future requirements. Planning guarantee that operation cost are kept at a minimum level without affecting the quality, it also guarantee that organisation remain viable to attain its long-term plan for expansion Capacity planning and timing strategy Long range capacity planning and control primarily depends on a range of factors and some of the factors Georgia-Pacific used base on the on changes in capacity are Market conditions: The timing of the market and making a decision base on the market gives the organisation a competitive edge as well as an increase in market share. Georgia-Pacific have used these strategy to increased its production capacity base on the changes in the market, as the market grew production was increased so as to meet the demand. Technology: The change in the technology means organisation, required fewer resource to operate its production and therefore this means that with the advance technology Georgia-Pacific can increase its production ability with only slight equipment changes. Equipment: So to achieve a large increases in production capacity, Georgia-Pacific use improving the already existing equipment, or set up new equipment, The major factors that influence the buying of sawmill is because of the strategic location of the sawmill and since the capacity of the sawmill was restricted in 1970 when it was first built buying it 1987 and expanding the operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing on site and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber to improved production capacity and the fact that the plant has the basic equipment and the has company owned forests in the area were more economically viable. Factors deciding the expansion The timing in making a decision to expand a business is vital, as you need to carefully study the fiscal benefits of such expansion such as assessing having the cash for the investment to cater for the additional inventory, new facilities or equipment. At Georgia-Pacific the various factors considered in deciding whether to buy and expand the sawmill in Florida for example are Market conditions: Florida has an excellent market condition such as the speedy growth of population and the boom in home construction because of these strategic position of the location of Florida gave Georgia-Pacific an edge over their competitors Raw materials à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Georgia also considered this site because it own forest in the area that also had other position of privately owned timber. Environment- That the other major factors to consider was legislation and government policies regarding the environment Georgia Pacific considered this factor and assessed the environmental regulation of Florida and find out that Florida has more strict environmental regulations that make it hard to build a new plant than to acquire an existing plant. Economics- This is a major factor to considers when planning for capacity expansion as this affect the economic viability of the organization. Georgia pacific has considered this factor by analysing the return on investment when acquiring facilities and found out that acquiring and expanding was much easier and economically viable that building new facilities. Labor à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ The availability of labor both skill and unskilled is very important when considering making a decision for capacity expansion. As for Georgia pacific the nearby facility mean that the sawmill could draw some trained personnel. Equipment à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ As for a long term capacity expansion the availability of equipment to carry the operation is a major factor to consider. For Georgia pacific the already existing sawmill had the vital required equipment and facilities such a functioning road system, a nearby rail road spur, and electricity facilities. Overall at Georgia pacific acquisition of the sawmill offered exceptional potential for capacity expansion and the sawmill was expanded in 1998 hence greatly contributed to the success of the Georgia pacific. What other factors might the company have considered Other factors include Facilities location decision The decision on where to locate facilities is the most important factors in capacity planning and its where the success of the company depends. Facility location involves organisation seeking to locate, relocate or expand their operation, the decision process encompasses the identification, analysis and evaluation of a selection among alternative, Since at Georgia Pacific facility location mostly involves long term commitment of resources the decision on where to locate facilities are mainly affected by several factors such as financial, capacity and technology as well as political, economic and social.. However in the case study at Georgia pacific corp. the main focus of consideration are raw material, market condition labor force, government regulation and policies and finally energy utilities Market condition- Georgia pacific asses the market condition by serving so as know the demand and place the product close to the location. Raw materials- Georgia pacific review the availability of raw so to have adequate supply of locally available raw materials at a low price Government regulation- Georgia pacific choose where the state and local government welcome companies by looking at factors where they have relax tax and environmental policies as well as attitude of the local towards industry such as florida Labor- Georgia pacific have assessed the availability of local work force that can be easily train Utilities- Georgia pacific have considered the availabilities of all utilities necessary such as such as water, electricity and natural gas. Other factors that Georgia pacific could have also consider could be the availability of less expensive land with a bigger space as well as land with quality and efficiency facilities such as such as roads, bridges, water and sewer systems, airport and cargo facilities, energy systems, and telecommunications. Also there other crucial factor that George pacific could consider could be the cost of transportation in terms moving the product as well as the supply cost. For example proximity to supplier can be excellent for JIT production as it improves performance of deliveries and reduces inventory as well as reducing cost. Environmental consideration In general environmental consideration is part of capacity planning and facility location. It was paramount that Georgia Pacific makes itself environmental friendly. Since Georgia pacific depends on timber as a natural resource, they need to assess location where environmental policies are either relax or less strict. For example Georgia Pacific had to buy the sawmill in Florida with strict environmental rules that makes it more difficult to build a new facility. In order to reduce pollution caused by transportation Georgia pacific corp. have considered locating the material close to the site by expanding operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber on site. also choosing municipal sewage disposal system on site at skippers site ,also the skipper was near an excellent timber base and a nearby resin plant that uses the residuals Opinion on Georgia Pacific It is believe that Georgia Pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location since all consideration were carefully analyses and decision made base on the out came. The main emphasis was the market condition and the raw materials. The market condition was important because it focuses on the product demand, equally the availability and the location of raw materials so as to reduce the cost of transportation as well and meet the demand of the government or state environmental policy on industries all the factor discuss above were carefully consider by Georgia pacific corp. hence execute a well plan capacity planning and facility location. Conclusion In the case study it looks like at Georgia Pacific the emphasis is on growth, and so capacity increase and acquisition is a way of life. It assesses possible increase of capacity by working as a team to solicit suggestion and obtaining information and use a check list for major factors such as deciding on market demand, technology equipment and labor. Also since the company depends on timber as a natural resource environmental consideration is equally important. All of the above factors are very important part and parceled in decision making on capacity planning and facility location. The factors listed on this report are very crucial when making capacity decisions. Capacity planning is a very important aspect in manufacturing companies, as it to do with meeting the customers demand. They also have a long term impact. Capacity also determines the selection of appropriate technology, type of labour and equipments. The right capacity ensures economically viable business

Selection of Procurement Strategy

Selection of Procurement Strategy 1.0 INTRODUCTION A major determinant of project success is the selection of the most appropriate procurement strategy which will be used as a frame work to acquire the services of professionals in the industry (Morledge at al, 2006). This report presents the stages that have to be gone through in other to select the best procurement strategy for Janus Leisure plc. Before a suitable project strategy can be selected, there are many variables that need to be considered. However, Masterman (2002) explains that with regards to procurement, only those sub strategies which will have an impact on the ultimate procurement strategy should be considered. He therefore describes the process as consisting of: understanding the client, assessing client objectives, identifying the project constraints including risks and the method of organising the design and construction. These points will therefore form the framework of this report. 1.1 CLIENT Clients in the construction industry are becoming complex in their requirements which has subsequently led to increased client dissatisfaction levels (Latham, 1994). It is therefore essential to identify the type of clients being dealt with as this will have an influence in the choice of procurement method. Based on the categorization of clients by Masterman (2002), Janus leisure plc can be described as a private organisation who generates its funds from its internally business activities and therefore are concerned with profit maximisation wherever possible. Furthermore, we can also say that, the client is an inexperienced client in terms of construction as their main business focus is horse racing. It does not involve in construction activities often and only owns 6 racecourses. However, it is assumed that, the client is very aware of what infrastructure of its business should look like. Finally, we can also say that Janus leisure is a secondary client who requires the building to enable it them house their business activities. This therefore means that construction represents only a small percentage of their annual turn over. 1.2 PROJECT SCOPE The company intends to improve its flagship racecourse at Melchester which hosts the 5000 guineas stakes every year. The proposals are to be undertaken in two phases: Phase I demolition of the existing grandstand the construction of a new 5-storey grandstand to include an extensive conference and exhibition centre (10,000m2 total) and associated external works (budget  £25M) refurbishment of two existing stands circa 100 years old (budget  £5M) Phase II construction of a new 120-bed hotel facility and casino (budget  £12M) to be operational for the 2013 5000 Guineas Stakes meeting in mid-September 1.3 CLIENT OBJECTIVES Janus leisure plc has to consider a number of factors in other to choose the best procurement strategy for the project. To provide guidance for client on their decision of the most appropriate procurement strategy to adopt, Turner (1997) proposed a list of seven factors to consider. Completion time variation complexity quality price certainty price competition management and accountability These will be discussed in detail in the next sub section. Client requirements The objectives and requirements of the client in this report have been categorised under cost, quality and time expectations of the client. They also represent the criteria used by the client in the assessment of the procurement strategies. The following criteria as adopted from Turner (1997) has been established and discussed. Cost Relevance of cost certainty Janus leisure plc is a company which aims at maximising profit wherever possible. It will therefore not intend to spend more than it has budgeted for each section of the development. This implies that, high on the priority of the client is to have a fair idea of how much the project will cost prior to the start of the actual construction. Since the company desires to constantly invest in all of its venues over the coming years. It will therefore be preferable that any strategy chosen should be able to give an idea of the total commitment to be expected, since the project is phased, it means that, this will be a tougher consideration for the first phase but will be achieved to higher degree of accuracy I the second phase Relevance of price competition Janus leisure has a total budget of  £42M for the entire project. With this commitment in mind and a fair certainty of the cost, the client does not really place so much focus on the competition for phase 1. Though Turner (1997) explains that best market price can only be obtained through competition, the client is of the view that factors such as time requirement are of more concern to him and any bid which was around his budget was alright for the first phase. With regard to the second phase, since there will be more time., it is the intention of the client to use competition in other to attain the best price as such therefore any opportunities for price competition will be preferred more. Organisation and accountability It is assumed that the client is fully aware of the fact that, risks go with premiums. However, Janus leisure plc prefers a single point responsibility for the construction of the hotel and will be prepared to pay a premium for that. Clamp et al (2007) argues that leaving both design and construction within one entity could have compromising effects on the quality; however, Janus leisure will prefer to have to deal with just one company in other to eliminate the hassle of lengthy negotiations with many professionals. The client requires that it retains the control for the management of the first phase because it is of more importance to him as he needs it to be ready by 2012. Time Early completion This is a very high priority for the client because they intend to return the 2012 5000 guineas stakes to Melchester. This clearly states that phase 1 should be competed and ready for commissioning before that time. It is known that the duration of the fist phase is short as such early start in needs to ensure early completion. Similarly, with the second phase, it must be completed be 2013. Though this seem to be a longer, advantage should be taken to obtain more competitive while maintaining acceptable standards of quality. Therefore, time is of a higher priority in phase 1 than in phase two Phased requirements The proposed developments are in two phases and should be carried out as such, the duration of the first phase is 2 years which should be ready by mid-September 2012 while that of the second phase is three years and should be completed and ready to use by mid September 2013. As a private client, completion time is of a high priority. Quality Variations Janus leisure plc has been describes as an in experienced client, as such there is the possibility for the client to want to change his mind as the project progresses. Furthermore, the extent of the refurbishment in the first phase cannot be fully envisaged. This implies that, there is an increased possibility of significant variations. However, variations will be minimal in the second phase because, Janus has built some hotels in the past and therefore know what exactly they will want to have in this hotel. It is important to consider variations because they entail high costs and have effects on the construction period and also each procurement method deals differently with variations. Level of prestige Horse racing is a sport that is patronised by a large cross-section of the public as well as wealthy and rich; however, the proposals by Janus leisure does not call for a prestigious design though the requirements of the conferencing, banqueting as well as the hotel should be good and incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Project complexity In terms of complexity during procurement, functionality of the project is not an essential requirement however; complexity of the construction itself and the environmental services is usually very significant (Turner, 1997). The requirements of the project are fairly straightforward as the major requirements were air conditioning and public address systems therefore; complexity is not a great problem in the first phase. With the second phase, more facilities like escalators, lifts and air conditioning facilities will be provided but that notwithstanding, we can say that both faces require a good quality. Risk It is important that any risks to the project are to be effectively managed by the party that is best able to handle them. And every procurement system distributes the risks between the client and contractor (Masterman 2002). Some procurement methods allocate more of the risks to the client and others more to the contractor. Since the client want to control of the first phase, they accept to have the risk even though they will prefer to share them wherever possible. Because the client is quite inexperienced in construction, will prefer to leave to as much of the speculative risk as possible with a single contracting entity though they are aware this might mean payment of premiums for the second phase because it will need time to organize its business activities. 2.0 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS With respect to the client requirement, four procurement methods have been selected to be appraised because of the peculiar characteristics they have which may be of interest and suitability to the project. They are Traditional method Design and build Management contracting Construction management 2.1 TRADITIONAL METHOD This method is referred to by some authors and researchers as the separated system and it is the oldest form of procurement (Masterman, 2002). It is characterised by the separation between the design and the construction phases and therefore offers multiple points of responsibility (Oyegoke et al ,2009). The client first appoints consultants who will be responsible for the design, cost control and contract administration. Once the design in complete, the client and his team invites tenders from suitable contractors and eventually appoints one of them who will be responsible for carrying out the works. There is therefore direct contractual relationship between the client and the consultants and also between the client and the contractor. The contractor is responsible for all the workmanship and materials including work by sub-contractors and suppliers (Clamp et al, 2007). In some cases, the client could novate subcontractors or suppliers with whom the main contractor will have legal c ontracts. The figure below shows the contractual relations of this system. Fig 1: Contractual relationship; The Traditional Procurement Method (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Traditional method of procurement According to Murdoch and Hughes (2008), following the criteria developed by the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT 1988), the following are a proposed a list of instances which traditional method is most suitable. The employer has caused the design to be prepared and for the purposes of the building contract takes responsibility for it. The employers designer is sufficiently experienced to co-ordinate and lead the design team and to manage the interface between design and production. The design is substantially complete when the contractor is selected. An independent quantity surveyor will be used to plan and control the financial aspects of the project The contractor is selected on the basis of the contractors estimate and carries the risk that the estimate may be wrong. The employer reserves the right to select sub-contractors for certain parts of the work. ‘Prime cost sums including employer-selected sub-contracts, do not form the major proportion of the contract sum. The employers agents feel that it is important to use an acceptable negotiated form to ensure a fair and familiar distribution of risk. The employer makes no explicit choice and the advisors do not raise the issue. Suitability With regard to the requirement of the client, the traditional method will be very suitable with regard to price certainty which is high on the priority of the client for the first phase. This is because designs will be completely finished and bills of quantities produced which will be priced by tendering contractors. As such, Janus will know its financial commitment to a high degree of accuracy before the start of the project. However, the problem will be whether there is enough time for full designs to be produced followed by tendering before actual construction starts. This is a concern because completion time is equally of high priority to the client and so the traditional method might not be so suitable in that regard. The traditional methods is also one of the best ways to secure best market price as there is competition between tendering firms, however, since competition is not high on the priority of Janus leisure plc for the fist phase, the second phase will take advantage of that. Since variation is to be expected in the project during the first phase, the traditional method will allow, Janus leisure, a flexibility of mind until when the tender documents are prepared for bidding. After this, changes in specification might be very costly and time wasting. It will be suitable for the second phase as well because variation is expected to be even lower. Janus leisure will not be favoured in terms of his accountability requirements for the second phase because Oyegoke et al (2009) explains that this system introduces multiple points of responsibility. 2.2 DESIGN AND BUILD This system is characterised by the integration of the design and construction phases. Masterman (2002) explains that, the commonly used integrated system is the design and build method however there are other variants such as novated design and build, develop and construct, package deal and turn key projects. Within this report, only the design and build variant is considered. The approach leaves full responsibility of the design and construction with a single organisation: the contractor. Rashid et al (2006) explains that, the selection of the most suitable contractor is based on the brief and the specification given by the client at the time of bidding. In effect, the contractor has the total responsibility for all the works, co-ordination and integration of the whole process as well as appointment of any consultants, specialists or subcontractors (Murdoch and Hughes, 2008). Figure 2.2 shows the contractual relation with this system. Fig 2 Contractual relationship: The Design and Build system (Morledge et al 2006) Use of the design and build method According to Murdoch and Hughes (2008), there are some characteristics of a project which determine whether the design and build method will be suitable for a particular project, theses are listed below: The clients familiarity with construction(experience) The relative importance of client priorities (time, cost, function, quality, value for money etc.) The technical complexity of the project The need to make variations to requirements as work proceeds The patterns of responsibility and communication The need for an early start on site. Suitability With regard to the requirements of Janus leisure plc, this method will be suitable in regard to project completion time because of the integration of the construction and design phases will make the project faster, furthermore, since there is a lump sum fixed price for the bespoke design and construction (Masterman, 2002) the client will equally have high degree of price certainty prior to the start of the project. This method will be suitable because for the client in the second phase in terms of his risk allocation requirement as most to the risk will tend to be with the contractor however, it may not be suitable for the first because the client wants to retain more control. Also, design and build will be suitable for the client because the client will only have one contractual relation with the contractor which will march his responsibility criteria. However many researchers including Masterman (2002) and Turner (1997) have argued that since both design and construction are left w ith the contracting firm, there could be possible compromises in the quality expectation in terms of both design and more importantly workmanship and materials, I will also argue that since the client will give a comprehensive brief with little variation for the second phase, this should not be a big problem. It is again worthy to note that the system will not particularly be suited to the variation requirement of Janus leisure plc for the first phase. The criteria established the possibilities of variations as the project progresses, especially in the first phase but the design and build system freezes excessive variation at an early stage when the contract is signed and any changes after that will tend to cost the client lots of money and time. Fortunately, Janus is already aware of this. Again, leaving both the design and construction on the contractor means leaving more risks with him and this will involve payment of premiums as such. 2.3 MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING This is a method of procurement in which the management contractor is paid a fee by the client to manage the whole building process and therefore has direct contractual relations with all the works contractors (Morledge at al, 2006). The management contractor advices on the buildability of the designs as well as value management during the design. The construction works are let out in packages therefore there is early start with this method. The management contractor does not take part in the actual construction but provide preliminaries for the project. The figure below shows the contractual relation with the management contracting form of procurement. Fig 3.Contractual relationship: Management contracting (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Management contracting Murdoch and Hughes propose a list developed by the Joint Contract Tribunal (JCT, 1987a) which indicates suitable circumstances in which to use Management contracting. The list is as follows: The employer wishes the design to be carried out by an independent architect and design team There is a need for early completion The project is fairly large The project requirements are complex The project entails, or might entail, changing the employers requirements during the building period The employer requiring early completion wants the maximum possible competition in respect of the price for the building works. Suitability This system of procurement is desirable in respect of the client priorities of completion time because of the overlap between design and construction, furthermore, as the work will be let out in packages, competition, though not of a high priority to the client, can be used to attain best price. Under this procurement method, the client will also be able to have a fair certainty of the price before the start of the project. The system will also be suitable in terms of the variation requirements of the client for the first phase because the full design is co-ordinated and developed by the client and his team, as such there is much room for flexibility until that package has been let out on contract. With this procurement system, much of the speculative risk is with the client while works contractors take just a little (Clamp et al, 2007) as such this will be acceptable for the first phase but not quite meet the expectation of Janus leisure for the second phase as they prefer to leave much of the speculative risks with the contracting firm. 2.4 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT With this procurement system, the client appoints the construction manager on the basis of a fee to manage, prepare and co-ordinate the design and construction as well as advising the design team on the buildability of the design (Morledge et al, 2006) as such the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single firm because the works are subsequently let out to packages contractors who are in direct contractual relation with the client. The contractual relation with this procurement type is shown below. Fig 4 Contractual relationship: Construction management (Morledge et al 2006) Use of Construction management According to Murdoch and Hughes (2000) Construction management is suitable when the characteristics of the project fulfils in part or whole of the following: The employer is familiar with construction, and knows some or all of the professional team. The risks associated with the project are dominated by timeliness and cost (e.g. the employer may be a private sector employer requiring a commercial building). The project is technologically complex involving diverse technologies and sub-systems. The employer wants to make minor variations to requirements, as the project proceeds. There is scope for separating responsibility for design from responsibility for management of the project. The employer requires an early start on site. The price needs to be competitive, but ‘value for money is more important than simply securing the least possible cost. Suitability This procurement method similar characteristics with the management contract variant, however, there are some differences. The completion time requirements, variation requirement and quality requirements is the same as in the management contracting. However, this system leaves virtually on all the risk on the contractor: a trait which will not suit the requirement of Janus leisure plc. Furthermore, the is no certainty of price as the system works with target sum but advantage can be taken of price competition as the packages are let out to package contractors. Another point worthy on mentioning is that, this method will not particularly suit the responsibility requirement of Janus leisure, who prefer to have to deal with just one contractor. 2.5 RISK SHARING This determines the apportionment of the risks that occur to the party that is able to handle it more adequately than the other. Some procurement methods allocate more of the risks to the client and others more to the contractor, Janus leisure plc is willing to accept some of the risk provided they will be able to foresee it before it occurs for the first phase but will prefer to leave much risk on the contracting firm fro the second phase. The different procurement methods have limits to which the client can tranfer risk. A speculative risk chart according to the different procurement methods can be seen below table 1 : Speculative risk (Clamp et al., 2007) 3.0 SELECTION PROCESS The aim of the selection process is to accurately identify the best procurement route which meets and satisfies the client requirements best (Masterman, 2002). The tables below shows the results of the assessment criteria for the two phases of the project Table 2 priority checklist for phase 1 Table 3priority checklist for phase 2 3.2 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR PHASE 1 Based on the rating on table 2 and the clients success criteria, the management contracting procurement system has been recommended to be used in the execution of phase 1 Reasons for recommendation It has been established already that time is crucial to the first phase of the developments, as such, this procurement system is suitable because it allows construction to start early once a work section has been completely designed, for example, immediately the foundation are fully designed, the client and his team can give that part out on contract as the designed is continued. The client still retains full control of responsibility of the design as the construction goes on, so since Janus indicates the possibility of variations this will be very much accommodated while the management contractor contributes to the buildability of the designs. The client and his team will also have the chance to select materials and techniques in other to achieve the standard it requires which still reduces maintenance costs. 3.3 PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR PHASE 2 Based on the critical analysis of the critical factors of success for the project as well as the adoption of the table 3 above, the competitive design and build system of procurement has been chosen for the construction of phase 2. Reasons for recommendation The client rates time as important as such, since the contractor is in charge of both the design and construction, there will be an early start of the project on site which will guarantee completion to schedule. However, since the responsibility of the design will be that of the contractor, the client will have to provide a good brief to the contractor in other to eliminate any confusion. This will be required to a great extent so that variations will be reduced to the barest minimum. The design and build procurement method is also best for the phase because the entire of design and construction has been shifted to the client and this suit Janus as a client thought the implication is the likelihood for an increased cost. The client is satisfied with this option because he will have enough time for his own business activities Also, since Janus does not require direct professional accountability for the design and consultants for the second phase, this system proves to be very suitable because the design and build system leaves the entire accountability between the contractor and his team and Janus only has a single contract with the main contractor Janus requires a high degree of price certainty before the start of the construction and the design and build system offers this. Moreover since the requirements indicated that the project is not so complex in terms of technical advancement, the system will be adequate and certain to deliver a product of good quality and workmanship. Finally, the adoption of the competitive variant of the design and build procurement system will give the client and his team the chance to select the best bid from the contractors as a result of the tenders that will be submitted based on the client brief. 3.3 ORGANIZATIONS TO BE COMMISSIONED The consultants to be commissioned for the first phase are as follows: Management Contractor: Engaged very early in the project to provide expert knowledge to other consultants on the constructability of the designs. Architect: Prepares all the necessary architectural designs in accordance with the clients brief and with the management contractor Quantity Surveyor: Carry out feasibility studies, prepare cost estimates and cost plans in conjunction with the designs. Also carry out interim valuations for payment to works contractors, in conjunction with the management contractor. Engineers: Prepare the structural, mechanical and electrical engineering drawings to be priced by the quantity surveyor and form part of the contract documents for executing the works. For the second phase, the client needs to contract a design and build contractor who will be in charge of both design and construction of the facility 4.0 CONCLUSION The proposals by Janus leisure plc have been thoroughly examined and discussed, going through the range of procurement methods and applying the table by CRT, it has been recommended that for a successful execution of the clients developmental proposals, management contracting should be adopted for the first phase while design and build is adopted for the construction of the hotel in the second phase. However, it must be stated that, the success of the project does not only depend on the procurement method used but also on the efficiency of the consultants and the contractors used. Therefore the client should be methodical in the approach for selecting the professionals for the execution of the work.